For my project I am going to design a new range of Alco-pop

For my project I am going to design a new range of Alco-pop. I choose this idea as I feel there is room in the current market to introduce a new brand. The current and most popular Alco-pops at present would be drinks such as Bacardi breeder, WKD and red square. These products are available in a range of flavours and have a volume on average of about 5. 5% alcohol; prices vary depending on where the product is purchased. The product I will be basing my advertising campaign around will be a new range of Alco-pop available in five different florescent flavours and designed to glow in the dark, the product will be un-missable due to the bold colours so I will be using this to my advantage to capture public attention. However my project is new to the market and the brand name and product is unknown, this will make introducing the product difficult therefore the advertising campaign will need to be effective. The audience I am aiming the product at will be young outgoing eighteen to thirty year olds. This age is the younger age of clubbers that will be more willing to experiment with new products on the market where as the older audience will be more set in there way as to what they drink. Also the audience will be drinking in more trendy modern bars and clubs in which I plan to match with the product image. The product will be named â€Å"Gloe† due to its obvious glow in the dark stature, with the name of the product being â€Å"Gloe† and the product being new on the market I need a name that people can remember therefore if they realise the drink glows in the dark the name will relates to the product. I have also removed the â€Å"w† and replaced it with â€Å"e† I have done this to imprint the brand with product recognition. The product will be available in a glass bottle, with the product name stuck on at the front. The label of the product will be mainly transparent with just the letter arrangement of â€Å"Gloe† in bold capital letters. The brand slogan will be â€Å"Gloes through† as this compliments the brand name and I am hoping to relate it in some way to the adverts I will be creating. The image I would like the product to be associated with is that of a new, modern, trendy product with slight individuality, a carefree drink that looks good, tastes great and is the only solution to a healthy night out. For the campaign I will be creating three advertisements one will be a billboard poster another will be an advertisement in a magazine and the third will be a large bus-stop poster. I have chosen these three types of media as the billboard is a large advertisement that is difficult to miss I will be placing it around the city centre where most of the nightlife will be and it will also be busy during daytime. The magazine article will be placed in magazines for men like FHM and women in magazines such as Cosmopolitian, New Look, More and 19 these are the younger trendy magazines that appeal to the target audience of the product and have discovered similar advertisements in these whilst researching. The bus-stop poster will be used as a lot of younger people use public transport due to convience and also the cost of cars and petrol. The poster will be placed in a bus station as they can become extremely busy during everyday rush hour. Each of my adverts will display the product and slogan in the top right hand corner of all of the adverts. The first advert featured in the bus-stop will be a pitch black background with a large bottle of â€Å"Gloe† centred in the foreground. The bottle will have a glowing light around it in one of the florescent colours I will use.

Appendix B Data Use Agreement Essay - 858 Words

Appendix B: Data Use Agreement DATA USE AGREEMENT This Data Use Agreement, effective as of 6/15/2016 , is entered into by and between Arlene Wacha (â€Å"Data Recipient†) and Dr. Stephen Genco, Superintendent of Jackson School District (â€Å"Data Provider†). The purpose of this Agreement is to provide Data Recipient with access to a Limited Data Set (â€Å"LDS†) for use in research in accord with the HIPAA and FERPA Regulations. 1. Definitions. Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, all capitalized terms used in this Agreement not otherwise defined have the meaning established for purposes of the â€Å"HIPAA Regulations† codified at Title 45 parts 160 through 164 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, as amended from time to time. 2. Preparation of the LDS. Data Provider, Dr. Genco, shall prepare and furnish to Data Recipient, Arlene Wacha, a LDS in accord with any applicable HIPAA or FERPA Regulations 3. Data Fields in the LDS. No direct identifiers such as names may be included in the Limited Data Set (LDS). In preparing the LDS, Dr. Parlapanides shall include the data fields specified as follows, which are the minimum necessary to accomplish the research: The researcher intends to analyze NJASK test achievement from 7th to 8th grade for those students enrolled in the 8100 English courses which changed from traditional periods in 2008-2009 to extended blocks of time in 2009-2010. The researcher will need access to the following data: Identification ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Website Research Project789 Words   |  4 Pagesmember on data collection and documentation procedures. Video clips from You Tube on children playing or performing academic activities will be used for the training. The PI and research team member will watch each video clip and document the durations and frequencies of the identified target behaviors using the data collection form (Appendix D). The PI and the research team member will discuss and clarify the criteria for the target behaviors that did not reach ≠¥ 90% interrater agreement. The dataRead MoreUnited Parcel Service Airlines Operations1182 Words   |  5 Pagesservices, and various motor carriers, express companies, freight forwarders, and air couriers such as Federal Express (FedEx), DHL, Emirates SkyCargo, Korean Air Cargo, Cathay Pacific Cargo, and Lufthansa Cargo. Other areas of competition include the use of mail substitutes (e.g., e-mail, cloud services, etc.) and alternative shipping modes (e.g., trucking, shipping and rail). (FAA, 2015a; Woods, 2015). Risks Various risk factors can influence, interrupt and/or disrupt both domestic and internationalRead MoreResearch Methodology For An Organization Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesimplement reform and transformation initiatives. It is suitable for this research because the results from it could be used by the prison executive when conducting similar projects. The two types of data sources employed to conduct the research are secondary data and primary data. Stage one, secondary data were gathered from four resources. The Task Force Report on Prison Reform and Transformation, a strategic document outlining the reform and improvement strategy to be undertaken on the (OCMS), reportsRead MoreSensory Diet, By Patricia Wilbarger964 Words   |  4 Pagesactivity plan designed with the emphasis on timing, intensity, and sensory qualities and intended to decrease sensory defensiveness (P. Wilbarger Wilbarger, 2001). Currently, the term â€Å"sensory diet† is used by therapists to refer to interventions that use sensorimotor activities multiple times a day to facilitate the participants’ ability to organize sensory stimuli. For this study, sensory diet will encompass an individualized activity plan consisting of a variety of activities to deliver vestibularRead MoreSampling And Data Collection Plan1203 Words   |  5 PagesSampling and Data Collection Plan Business Research Project Part Patricia Tyler, Cynthrea Font, Jacob Moorer, Abner Segovia QNT/561 September 28, 2015 Professor: Dr. Luis R. Mora Sampling and Data Collection Plan Introduction This paper outline the sampling and data collection procedure used to test MTD Flower’s by Mail hypothesis. The MTD Flower’s by Mail hypotheses are: H0: Implementing TQM with MTD Flower’s vendors (IV) will improve customer satisfaction (DV). HA: Implementing TQM withRead MoreMethod. Design. The Study Was Designed As A Randomized1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfound in Appendix A. Upon the conclusion of the two minute recall period, the participants were instructed to stop writing and put down their writing instrument. A stapler was passed around, and the participants were instructed to staple their demographics survey, recall sheet, and drawings together. The stapled sheets were then collected by the experimenters. The experimenters shuffled and marked each set of papers with a unique number between 1 and 23 in order to identify the resulting data whileRead MoreWriting The Results Section Is More Intimidating Than Writing Materials And Methods1271 Words   |  6 Pagesto use all your writing skills to objectively present your key findings in an orderly and logical sequence using illustrative materials and text. Your Results should be organized into different segments or subsections where each one presents the purpose of the experiment, your experimental approach, data including text and visuals (tables, figures, schematics, algorithms, and formulas), and data commentary. For most journals, your data commentary will include a meaningful summary of the data presentedRead MoreTiffany Co960 Words   |  4 Pagesw/ household incomes over $100,000 to grow by 20% (O) • Low cost manufacturing abroad Ââ€" China, Brazil (O) • High discretionary income of baby-boomers through credit card use (O) 2. Technology • Increased availability of Internet (O) • Increased use of E-Commerce (O) • New QAD MFG/PRO software to collect real-time data (O) 2. Political-Legal • Increase in free trade (O/T) • China s membership to WTO (O) • WTO Ââ€" World Trade Organization (O/T) • Tax benefits associated w/ ETI (O) Read MoreStarbuckss Marketing Plan For Starbucks1305 Words   |  6 PagesVerismo. All of the intricacies that make Starbucks a big success also offer challenges to the company that puts more weight on an effective strategic management process. Starbucks honors their responsibility, both socially and ethically, by trying to use dependably grown coffee and increase their fair trade coffee supplier (Starbucks Corporation, 2012). Starbucks began in 1971 as a sole coffee shop in Seattle, Washington and has become a complex, expanded business of stores, packaged goods, and productRead MoreGSBS6002 Assignment 2 Tri 2 20151335 Words   |  6 Pagescustomers. A member of your team has already collected data that can be used for this analysis. To collect this data, a simple random sample of 500 customers was selected. Of the 500 customers to whom surveys were sent, 420 responded. The survey used to collect this data is provided below and the survey responses have been collated in the CompleteCare.xls Excel file. You are required to write a report after performing an analysis on the data collected from the customers of Computers R Us. A member

Panera Bread - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 755 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Restaurant Essay Did you like this example? Panera Bread began in 1981 as Au Bon Pain Co. , a fast-casual bakery and cafe chain, founded by Louis Kane and Ron Shaich. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the chain grew along the east cost of the United States and internationally. It dominated in the bakery-cafe category. In 1993, Au Bon Pain Co. purchased Saint Louis Bread Company, which was founded by Kenneth Rosenthal. At this time, the Saint Louis Bread Company was in the midst of renovating its 20 bakery-cafes in the Saint Louis area. The concept’s name was ultimately changed to Panera Bread. By 1997, it became clear that Panera Bread had the potential to become one of the leading brands in the nation. In May 1999, to expand Panera Bread into a national restaurant, all of Au Bon Pain Co’s business units were sold, with the exception of Panera Bread. The company was then renamed Panera Bread. The company was operating 1,362 bakery-cafes in 40 states and 17 facilities that delivered fresh dough to the caf es daily. Panera Bread still operates under the name St. Louis Bread Company, with its headquarters in St. Louis. The St. Louis area has over 50 locations. In 2005, Panera Bread was recognized as one of Business Week’s â€Å"100 Hot Growth Companies†, earning $38. 6 million with a 42. 9% increase in profits. In 2006, Panera Bread was recognized as the top performer in the restaurant category for one, five, and ten year returns to shareholders, reported by The Wall Street Journal. In 2007, Panera Bread purchased a majority stake in Paradise Bakery Cafe, a Phoenix-based concept with over 70 locations in 10 states, the balance to be purchased in June of 2009. In 2008, Health magazine judged Panera Bread as the healthiest fast food restaurant. Also in 2008, Panera Bread began expanding into Canada, with Richmond Hill and Mississauga, both in the Toronto area. As of 2009, the restaurant was named most popular for eating on the go by the restaurant review service Zagat . They were also rated #1 for best salad, best healthy option, and best facilities among restaurants with less than 5,000 locations. Panera Bread now has 1,380 bakery cafes in 40 states and Canada, delivering fresh artisan breads, bagels, muffins, scones, sandwiches, as well as soups, salads, and specialty coffee drinks. By emphasizing nutritional value and quality, such as antibiotic free chicken and whole grain bread, this restaurant chain distinguishes its products from fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, Wendy’s, and Burger King. Panera also distinguishes itself from these other fast food chains by providing a longer dining experience, with more welcoming furnishings and free Internet access. As opposed to the concept of â€Å"fast food†, Panera is associated with the concept of â€Å"fast casual†. This is a combination of fast food with a casual dining experience. Panera targets consumers who seek meals of higher quality than they would find at t he traditional fast food chain, but don’t have the time to dine in or have a sit-down meal at a restaurant. Though there are many other restaurants who offer this same combination, they tend to be local and do not benefit from a national brand name with a large advertising budget. A key aspect of Panera Bread’s business that protects the company from direct competition in the fast food industry is their product niche, artisan fast food. Fast food chains are often criticized for offering unhealthy foods. But, Panera Bread focuses on a higher nutritional value in their products. Dine in restaurants are very susceptible to drops in consumer spending, so Panera Bread’s cheaper items, while still being healthier than your typical fast food chain, make it an attractive alternative to traditional eateries. All the same, the product niche allows Panera flexibility in raising menu prices because consumers recognize the products as high quality, especially in compar ison to the traditional fast food chains. The company’s marketing strategies focus on product merchandising, such as the promotion of new menu items, as opposed to product prices. The company also sponsors charitable events as a marketing tool. Since the founding of Panera Bread, the company has made efforts in giving back to local communities. Panera runs the Community Breadbox program, where they match cash donations from customers and distribute them to local non-profit organizations. Through the Day-End Dough-Nation program Panera Bread runs, unsold bakery products are packaged and collected at the end of each day and donated to local food banks and charities. The company also participates in the Scrip fundraising program, which invites non-profit organizations to pre-purchase $10 Panera Bread gift cards at a 9% discounted rate and resell them at full price to raise money. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Panera Bread" essay for you Create order

Economic Effects of Diabetes on the Elderly - 1751 Words

Economic effects of diabetes on the elderly Diabetes has been described, by doctors, as a metabolic disease in which the patient has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body s cells do not respond properly to insulin. The overall management of diabetes for older adults would be the same as management for younger adults. Nutritional management is essential for older adults primarily to control malnutrition and the patient being underweight. For older adults, diabetes can not only be difficult for their overall health but also can cause financial hardship. I’ll discuss how Medicare and Medicaid help elevate some of the financial burden that†¦show more content†¦The idea is to give seniors a fixed value voucher and give them options while shopping for coverage in the private insurance market. The voucher system would help control health care cost by allowing seniors to shop for their coverage thus driving the insurance market to keep prices competitive and affordable for seniors. Health policy experts have concluded that if Medicare is to be saved for the next generation, small concessions must be made to allow the program to prosper into the future. Liberal groups argue that cutting entitlement programs such as Medicare may cause a health crisis to epidemic proportions. Liberal groups would rather raise taxes or end tax cuts for the wealthy in order to get the country’s economic crisis contained and Medicare Health policy experts have concluded that if cuts in Medicare occurs, many seniors may not receive basic healthcare. The notion that lawmakers would be asking seniors to tighten their belts while the Federal Government still gives huge tax breaks to millionaires and subsidies to oil companies is wrong and immoral. Critics of the voucher system warns that the system is flawed and would give more control to the insurance companies without supplying any guarantee that seniors could find a plan comparable to traditional Medicare. Replacing Medicare with vouchers for private insurance would shift costs to seniors and increase overall costs by allowing private insurance companies toShow MoreRelatedMalnutrition Among The Elderly : Malnutrition1681 Words   |  7 PagesMalnutrition in the Elderly The general objective of this research paper is to increase awareness about a mostly hidden epidemic among the elderly. Studies show one in every two older people are at risk for malnutrition. (Drewnowski Evans, 2001) Findings also show that hunger among the elderly is an enormous, far-reaching problem found in places across the globe, but the United States seems to be an unlikely place to find starvation where food is plentiful. Consequently, because of ineffectiveRead MoreThe Alcoholism And Substance Abuse978 Words   |  4 Pageshave a higher school dropout rate. Young adults to the elderly suffer from the misuse. â€Å"Though alcoholism and substance abuse rates are lowest among the elderly, access to habit-forming prescription drugs increases their risk of substance abuse† (Burkholder Nash, 2013, sec. 3.4.). There are many who suffer from unemployment, health issues, poor decisions etc. It is hard to become employed and to keep a job while under the influence. Diabetes , Liver disease, Heart disease and Kidney failure are onlyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Diabetes Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes 1. Illness or Symptoms: The most common symptoms are fatigue, having to urinate more than feeling thirsty, distorted vision, and dry mouth. Type 1 diabetes symptoms are rapidly noticed with more severe symptoms verses type 2 diabetes, which have symptoms that usually are not as noticeable and develop at a slower rate. 2. Patients: Patients who are over 45 are more likely to get diabetes; the older you get the more of a risk you have. If the patient has a family background of type 2 diabetesRead MoreMedicare Funding Crisis1692 Words   |  7 PagesDonnie Tatar University of Michigan HSM544: Health Policy and Economics As the newly appointed chief of staff I have been tasked with responding to a proposal for reducing Medicare expenditures by enrolling participants in HMO. I understand that we have some key questions must be addressed and that we must justify our position on either economic efficiency or equity grounds. Outlined below are some of the questions that must be answered in order address this issue properly. Is Medicare inRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Society1303 Words   |  6 PagesObesity and its Effects on Society ‘America is fat’, this statement repeated by numerous people in and out of healthcare profession and if someone don’t believe this statement, maybe the following statistic will change our mind. According to (CDC) Center for Diseases Control and prevention, obesity rate grew 65% between 1990 and 2002(Su). Still not convince? When most Americans read that statistics they have single question is ‘Why?’ How is the rate of obesity growing so fast? Is this the way weRead MoreGovernment Funding Is The Major Source Of Health Funding1376 Words   |  6 Pagesbudget impact and opportunity costs into consideration. BIA as an important part of comprehensive economic evaluation, assesses the impact of new interventions or drugs on national, regional or local health budget plan(41). Taking budget impact and opportunity costs into account will make the results more applicable to the reality. Country-specific CEA and subgroup Analysis are important Several economic evaluation studies applied UKPDS 34 to assess the cost-effectiveness in its domestic context suchRead MoreWeb of Diabetes Causation in the Elderly2549 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Web of Diabetes Causation in the Elderly Web of Diabetes Causation in the Elderly Introduction Epidemiology is the study of environmental and genetic influences on the prevalence of disease and injury (Rossignol, 2007, p. 1). Environmental influences include pollution, lifestyle choices, health care access, care quality, social factors, and workplace hazards. These and other factors help to determine geographic, social, and economic differences in health quality. Epidemiology is therefore theRead MoreThe Prevalence And Incidence Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesA. Statement of the Problem The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide, particularly in devel-oping countries, in conjunction with increased obesity rates and westernization of lifestyle (In-zucchi et al., 2012). The economic burden for health care systems is skyrocketing, owing to the costs associated with treatment and diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disorders, blindness, end-stage renal failure, amputations, and hospitali-zationsRead MoreThe Retirement Of Elderly Today983 Words   |  4 PagesJun Hui Bae PHE 345U Jost Lottes 29 Nov. 2015 The Retirement of Elderly Today, the elders live longer than few decades ago. if the elderly age is before and today the same, today is a way healthier cause of development of medical. It means that elderly may work few more years after they retire and they should work longer because their drug bill is increasing. In fact, many workers are discovering that they are going to have to work longer than they originally anticipated - an adjustment that canRead MorePathophysiology And Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 21474 Words   |  6 PagesPharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition that millions of people around the world suffer from. It is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas, it regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When people have diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is produced. Type 2 diabetes is one

Economics †What does overall supply of labour depend upon Free Essays

1.) What does overall supply of labour depend upon? The overall supply of labour is affected in several different ways. First of all, the working population is considered to be in between 16 and 65 years of age. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics – What does overall supply of labour depend upon? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The inactive population is therefore those younger than 16 and those over 65 years. If there was a huge baby boom in the foreseeable future then the benefits of this would not be felt until some years later when they would become part of the working population. However, in order that the government can gain maximum tax revenue is if more people are in full time education and higher education with the prospect of working in a high paid job. Initially, this would be quite difficult but it would relieve the pressure placed on by the dependency ratio. Other factors that affect the supply of labour are that the death rate is always decreasing therefore the population is increasing. The current health service is going to be put under even more sustained pressure as the more people get older and live longer. This also adds to the increasing dependency ratio. Many people who immigrate to Britain will then, on the whole, add to the overall supply of labour. Another very important factor is that women are getting married later on in life so that they can pursue a career. Also read this  Cheating in a Bottom Line Economy 2.) How do you account for the increase in inactive males in recent years? There are many reasons that men become increasingly inactive in recent years. One reason is, in recent years the primary industry has decreased substantially and the tertiary and services sector has grown considerably. Many men were involved in the primary sector such as factory, coal mining, and farming. Over the last few decades those manufacturing industries have slowly reduced and more tertiary and services have been growing. The tertiary and services sector have a tendency to employ more women, possibly because they are more ‘approachable’ than men. One could think of this as sexual discrimination perhaps. Those men who worked in low skilled jobs also found it difficult to adjust to a new job as those low skilled jobs are not readily available. However, the younger male population tend to stay in education additional to compulsory education. 3.) What has been the economic impact of migration both into and out of the British economy over the past 40 years? The impact of migration had many advantages as well as disadvantages. Over the last 40 years migration, in some cases, has severely affected the working population. For example, in the 1960’s and 1970’s many people chose to migrate to another country so the working population would decrease. The cost of the decrease was a net fall in output. More higher qualified professionals e.g. Doctors, Teachers chose to work away from the UK. This may have a bearing on why there is a shocking lack of teachers around today. Anyway, due to this problem, many people from other parts of the world like Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa were persuaded to come and work in the UK. 4.) Why are more women becoming more economically active? More women work and have become economically active because of changes in the law forcing firms to have a certain proportion of women in their company. Equal Pay Legislation and Maternity Provision was at the forefront of gaining equal opportunities. Nowadays, many women do not marry when they are in their early 20’s but they may do after they turn 30. Theoretically, these women would choose not to have a baby as they would then be tied down and cannot pursue their career. Formerly, women tended to be house wives, they used to all the house work but because of technological advances time taken to do all the housework shortened leaving the women nothing to do for the rest of the day. The other reason is that women are more flexable with their work hours, they tended to work more part-time. The demand for women workers has sharply risen with the increase in tertiary and services sector. More employers are looking for women to improve the appearance of the company. 5.) To what degree has changing the nature of employment within U.K. affected participation ratios of men and women? Over the last few decades, due to the decline in manufacturing industries and the incline of tertiary industries we can conclude that there has been extensive. This is because as manufacturing industries declined many men found it difficult to learn new skills as well as employers preferred to train younger people. The ratio’s show this by male inactivity slowly rising as female inactivity fell. How to cite Economics – What does overall supply of labour depend upon?, Papers

Genetic Transformation

Question: Describe about the Genetic Transformation? Answer: The field of microbiology deals with the study of the microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa and archaea. The research on these micro organisms involve the biochemical, physiological, cellular, ecological, clinical and evolutionary aspect also. In order to identify the microorganisms, the very first techniques employed in microbiology lad is the streaking and plating of the bacteria, so that pure colonies of the bacteria are obtained and it is easier to identify the species. The series of methods followed after this are the serial dilution and then plating. Following this, the transformation of bacteria can be carried out so that the gene of interest can be inserted into the genome of the bacteria. The ability of the bacteria to take up genes of different origins, have made it possible to clone many genes including the genes of the humans (Moran et al. 2012). After the transformation process, it is important to observe the bacterial cells under the microscope so that th e efficiency of transformation and the success rate. The present report also deals with the analysis of the tolerance capacity in the bacterial biofilms vs. the planktonic cells. Introduction: Microbial inhabitants have evolved to survive in a variety of ecological niches and growth habitats. Some grow rapidly, some slowly. Some can replicate with minimal number of nutrients present, whereas others require enriched nutrients to survive. Variation exists in atmospheric growth conditions, temperature requirements, and the cell structure. This diversity is also found in the micro-organisms that inhabit the human body as normal flora, as opportunistic pathogens, or as true pathogens. Each microbe has its own unique physiology and metabolic pathway that allow it to survive in a particular habitat (Relman, D. 2012). One of the main roles of a diagnostic or clinical microbiologist is to isolate, identify and analyse the bacteria that causes disease in humans. Knowledge of microbial structure and physiology is extremely important to clinical microbiologists in three areas: Culture of organisms from patient specimens Classification and identification of organisms after they have been isolated Prediction and interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns The main aim of the techniques of microbiology is to isolate and identify the micro organisms and use them for various biotechnological applications. The purification of bacteria is carried out with the help of the streak plate technique which enables the isolation of the pure colonies from inoculums by creation of areas that have increasing dilution on the single plate of agar (Gudina et al. 2012). In natural habitats microorganisms usually grow in complex, mixed populations containing several species. This presents a problem for the microbiologist because a single type of microorganism cannot be studied adequately in a mixed culture. One needs a pure culture, a population of cells arising from a single cell, to characterize an individual species. Pure cultures are so important that the development of pure culture techniques by the German bacteriologist Robert Koch transformed microbiology. Within about 20 years after the development of pure culture techniques most pathogens responsible for the major human bacterial diseases had been isolated (Tortura, P, Funke, B and Case, C. 2013). In this report the major organism on which the focus is laid is Pseudomonas fluorescens, which is a non pathogenic saprophyte that colonizes water, soil and even the plant surface. This microbe suppresses the plant diseases by producing a number of secondary metabolites like antibiotics, siderophores and hydrogen cyanide. This microbe has the ability to enter into the plant vascular system and reach various parts of the plant and act like a systemic bio control agent against various bacterial and fungal diseases (Dr. Ranjan Laboratories 2008). Another component of this report is to determine the level of antibiotic resistance in the bacterial culture. The antibiotic resistance is said to occur when the bacteria undergoes change in some way such that there is reduction or elimination of the efficacy of the drugs/ chemicals or the agents that aim at curing or preventing infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when the antibiotic has lost its efficacy in killing the bacteria or fighting the infection. If the bacterial strain, against which the antibiotic is being used, develops the resistance, then even the high dose of antibiotic would not harm the bacteria and it will keep on growing. Whenever the studies need to be performed for research purpose, the use of E. coli bacteria is preferred. This is because the observation of the outgrowth of the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family (including E. coli) is easier as they are facultative anaerobes rather than obligate anaerobes (Mueller, K 2013). In this experiment, the procedure of plating and transformation of the E. coli cells is carried out. The aim of the experiment is to isolate the transformed colonies of bacteria and observe them for antibiotic resistance. In the second part of the experiment, the aim is to identify which has better antibiotic resistance- planktonic cells or the biofilms produced by the bacteria. Materials and Methods: Practical 1 Purification of bacteria was done by the streak plating technique that creates areas with increased dilutions such that every bacteria is far off from other bacteria and spread on the plate individually. Agar plates were prepared with 1.5% agarose and were incubated. The culture was streaked on the plates with the help of the inoculum loop. The plate is streaked sector wise (four quadrants). Following this, the serial dilution of the bacterial culture is prepared by making a serial 10 fold dilutions starting from 10-9. The aliquots of 1 ml bacterial culture to 9 ml of PBS (phosphate buffer saline) are added. A loopful from each of the dilutions is then spread on the agar plates individually. The next technique is the genetic transformation of the bacteria using the pGLO plasmid DNA. The aim of this method is to incorporate two genes into the E coli cell line- one that codes for the GFP (green fluorescent protein) and th eother that provides resistance to ampicillin antibiotic. The pr ocess is carried out in the presence of calcium chloride solution and the plasmid DNA of pGLO plasmid. A small loopful of the bacterial cells is added to tubes labeled as +pGLO and pGLO and the transformation solution (CaCl2) is also added. In +pGLO tube, 10 ul of pGLO plasmid is added and in the pGLO tube no plasmid is added and it is taken as the control. The tubes are incubated and post incubation, heat shock is given to break the cell wall so as to allow the penetration into the nucleus. Practical 2 The first step in this practical was to determine the observation and other records from the previous pratical and then carry out Gram staining to characterize the bacteria. The protocol starts with the preparation of smear of the bacterial culture and then adding crystal violet. The glass slide is then gently washed with water and then grams iodine is added, kept for 60 seconds and then washed with distilled water. The decolorizing solution is then added and the blue dye flows out. The solution is made up of 95% ethanol. The decolorizing solution is again washed off with water and counterstain Grams safranin is then added and kept for 60 seconds. The slides were then observed under the microscope and the gram negative and gram positive bacteria were analysed. The next protocol was that of preparation of E. coli cultures of biofilms. Practical 3 The aim of this experiment was to analyse the strength of the biofilms against the antibiotics and then comparison of the resistance with the resistance to the planktonic cells of the same species. The protocol was carried out by preparing the dilutions of the biofilm culture and then treating them with the specific volume of antibiotic and then preparing the dilutions of planktonic cell culture and again treating them with the antibiotic. The number of cells that survived was seen/ observed with the help of the microscope and the total surface covered by the dead and live cells was evaluated. Results: The microbiological experiements were done to identify and analyse the rate of success of transformation of the pGLO plasmid into the genome of the E. coli bacteria and also the analysis of rate of successful development of antibiotic resistance in cell culture biofils and against the planktonic cells of same species, was also observed. The experiment was successful to a certain extent. The (+) LB/amp/ara plate contained a number of colonies of cells, which when exposed to the UV rays, fluoresced. On the contrary, the (-) LB/ amp/ ara plates contained no colonies. This concluded that the colonies in the former case were the transformed bacteria that had incorporated the GFP gene and the antibiotic resistant gene (derived from the pGLO plasmid). While in the latter case, the transformation was not successful and hence, the original bacterial cells did not survive in the presence of the antibiotic ampicillin. However, negative results were obtained on the (-) LB/amp plate and these col onies glowed under the UV light. Moreover, there were no signs of any colonies on the (+) LB/Amp plate, which was a negative result. Probably, the transfer of the colonies via loop on the plate was error prone and this might have led to loss of accurate data. The results of the third practical are demonstrated in the appendix section. The graphical analysis of the antibiotic resistance in planktonic cells and biofilm was done and Fischer two tailed test was carried out to determine the statistical significance of the categorical data that was obtained. The exact hypergeometric probability of the Fisher test was found to be 0.0003693, which is significant enough to reject the null hypothesis and provides the evidence that significant difference exists between the two groups. The t test score of 0.008857 is also significant and can be used in determination of p value which will further prove if the null hypothesis is correct or wrong. The two tailed probability is used when the direction of the difference between the two entities is not specified. The score obtained corresponds to a very significant value and therefore there exists a significant difference between the number of dead and live cells in planktonic and biofilm, with and without the antibiotics. In the comparative graphical analysis of the number of dead cells in the control plate and the antibiotic treated plate, varying results were obtained. Graph 1: Comparative analysis of the number of dead cells in biofilm with antibiotics and planktonic with antibiotics. The graph shows that the number (percentage) of dead cells in the plate of planktonic cells that were treated with antibiotics, was more than the percentage in the biofilm plate. Graph 2: Comparative analysis of the number of dead cells in planktonic control plate and planktonic cells incubated with antibiotic The graph shows that the relative number of dead cells in the control were less as compared to the number of dead cells found in the antibiotic treated plate. Graph 3: Comparative analysis of the number of dead cells in Biofilm control plate and biofilm cells incubated with antibiotic. The graph shows a deviated result because the number of dead cells in the control plate are found to be more than the number of dead cells in the antibiotic treated plate. Discussion: The very first step in any microbiological experiment related to the isolation and identification of the bacteria, is the proper streaking and plating technique. The experiment of streaking and plating was done successfully and colonies of pure culture were also obtained. In the next step of transformation, there was successful transformation of the E. coli cells and this was determined by plating the inoculums on the LB agar plate that contained ampicillin antibiotic. The successful transformation was visualized under the UV rays and the colonies were found to be illuminated. The antibiotic resistance in planktonic bacteria is related to the inactivation of the antibiotic, thereby leading to the modification of the targets and eventually exclusion of the antibiotic. On the other hand, the biofilm is a result of increase in the resistance of the constituent microbes, to the stressors or the antibiotics. This biofilm acts as a protective environment and protects and helps the bacteria to survive by increasing the inherent resistance of the micro organism (Paraje, M. 2011). The result from the experiment of analyzing the resistance of planktonic bacteria vs the biofilm were consistent to certain extent. From the experiment is it quiet evident that the number of dead cells in the control is less than the treated bacteria and this is because not all the bacteria have resistance to the antibiotic to which they are exposed. However, in the third comparative analysis where the number of dead bacteria in the biofilm control are more than the dead bacteria in the t reated biofilm, there is some form of laboratory error that has led to wrong observations. The most common error is the wrong way of handling the samples and invading the sterile environment that is required for proper growth of the bacteria. Another most common error is that of accurate pipetting and media preparation. The pipetting error is often observed when the medium for plating is prepared or the inoculum is transferred on the plate. There are other possible errors that could have hampered the positive outcome of the results, like the use of wrong culture volumes, error in the serial dilution, etc (Schofield, C. 2006). Appendix: Analysis: Serial dilution Practical 1 Result of no of colonies counting Dilution No. of colonies Concentration of bacteria (CFU ml-1 ) 10-9 0 0 10-8 0 0 10-7 4 4 x 108 10-6 10 1 x 108 10-5 133 1.33 x 108 The formula used for the calculation of the concentration of bacteria is: Number of bacteria = (CFUs on plate (e.g. 27)/ CFUs ml-1 volume plated (e.g. 0.1 ml)) x Dilution factor (e.g. 1 x 105) Transformation Data The PGLO plasmid that is used for the transformation, codes for two genes. One gene produces the GFP protein that gives the inherent green fluorescent glow to the organism and the second gene produces resistance to ampicillin (Blaber, M. 2004). If the genetically transformed cells survive the antibiotic ampicillin, we can infer that the process of transformation has been successful and the genes from the plasmid have been transferred into the cells. The effect of Ampicillin on E coli cells is such that it penetrates through the outer wall of the gram negative bacteria and inhibits transpeptidase, which aids in formation of bacterial cell wall and eventually causes the lysis of the cell (Lawrence, K and Anthony, M 2013). Therefore, the normal (untransformed) cells of E coli are not resistant to ampicillin. So when, after transformation, the cells are grown on LB agar plate containing the antibiotic, only those cells survive and form colonies that have the gene which is resistant to ampicillin. And this can happen only when the transformation has been successful and the gene encoding the resistance against ampicillin has been transferred into the genome of the E. coli cells. Whats glowing? When the UV rays were shined on the negative pGLO plasmid DNA, there was nothing visible and thus, no significant change or observation was recorded. But when the UV rays were shined on positive pGLO plasmid DNA, the colonies of cells appeared in fluorescent green color. This concluded that the protein encoded by the GFP (Green fluorescent protein gene) was being expressed in the cells and because of this expression there was a characteristic green color. There are two sources of fluorescence that can be eliminated- the pGLO plasmid DNA and the original bacterial cells. From the result, it can be concluded that the source of fluorescence is the presence of the pGLO plasmid DNA. The pGLO plasmid produces a protein that encoded by the Green fluorescent protein gene. Expression of this protein gives the characteristic green color to the cells. The experiment was successful to a certain extent. The (+) LB/amp/ara plate contained a number of colonies of cells, which when exposed to the UV rays, fluoresced. On the contrary, the (-) LB/ amp/ ara plates contained no colonies. This concluded that the colonies in the former case were the transformed bacteria that had incorporated the GFP gene and the antibiotic resistant gene (derived from the pGLO plasmid). While in the latter case, the transformation was not successful and hence, the original bacterial cells did not survive in the presence of the antibiotic ampicillin. However, negative results were obtained on the (-) LB/amp plate and these colonies glowed under the UV light. Moreover, there were no signs of any colonies on the (+) LB/Amp plate, which was a negative result. Probably, the transfer of the colonies via loop on the plate was error prone and this might have led to loss of accurate data. The interaction between genes and environment No, it is practically not possible to determine and conclude about the bacteria being ampicillin resistant, simply by looking at them. This is because both, the non resistant bacteria as well as the ampicillin resistant bacteria.However, the comparison can be done by viewing the number of colonies on the two plates- one lacking the gene of ampicillin resistance (-pGLO LB plate) and the other with the gene for ampicillin resistance (+pGLO LB plate). The number of colonies on the +pGLO LB plate determine the number of bacteria that are resistant to ampicillin, while the number of colonies on the pGLO LB plate determine the number of bacteria that are not resistant to ampicillin. The environment of the bacteria was changed by adding ampicillin to LB plate. The bacteria that were resistant to ampicillin grew on this plate while the non resistant ones, were killed. To see the bacterial cells glow green, one of the factors that need to be present is the sugar arabinose in the agarose plate. The transformed cells appear white on the plates containing arabinose. Another factor contributing to the fluorescence of the bacterial cells is the UV light, which when falls of the GFP protein, excites the protein to emit a fluorescent glow and thereby appear fluorescent green in color. The arabinose sugar helps in turning on the expression of the GFP or the green fluorescent protein by binding to the regulatory protein that resides on the promoter region (Desai, T and Rao, C 2010). When the binding between arabinose sugar and the regulatory protein occurs, there is change of shape and this facilitates the transcription of gene by the RNA polymerase. The major advantage for any organism, if it is capable of turning on or off a particular gene, is that the genes can adapt to different conditions and thus, prevent the overproduction of the unnecessary proteins. Transformation efficiency calculation Total number of green fluorescent colonies growing on the LB/ amp/ ara plate= 240 Total number of pGLO plasmid DNA in the bacterial cells spread on the LB/amp/ara plate= 1 l= 0.08 g 10 l= 0.08 x 10 = 0.8 g of DNA Fraction of DNA used = 100/510 = 0.1961 pGLO DNA spread in g= 510 x 0.1961 = 99.99 g Transformation efficiency: No. of colonies on LB/amp/ara plate= 227 Microgrmas of DNA spread on the plates= 0.16 Transformation efficiency= 1.4 x 103 References: Blaber, M, 2004, Lecture 7: Genetic transformation (using bacteria and the pGLO plasmid), BCH 4053L Biochemistry lab, viewed on 18th April 2015, https://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/BCH4053l/Lecture07/Lecture07.htm. Desai, T and Rao, C, 2010, Regulation of arabinose and Xylose metabolism in Escherichia coli, appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol. 76, no. 5, pp: 1524-1532. Ranjan Laboratories, 2008, Pseudomonas fluorescens, viewed on 29th April 2015, https://www.drrajanlaboratories.com/product1.html. Emerson, D, Agulto, L, Liu, H and Liu, L, 2008, identifying and characterizing bacteria in an era of genomics and proteomics, Bioscience, Vol. 58, no. 10, pp: 925-936. Gudina et al., 2012, Isolation and study of microorganisms from oil samples for application in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, international biodeterioration biodegradation, Vol. 68, pp: 55-64. Lawrence, K and Anthony, M, 2013, The effects of Ampicillin on the growth of Escherichia coli, North Carolina State University. Moran, M, reisch, C, kiene, R and Whitman, W., 2012, Genomic insights into bacterial DMSP transformations, Annual review of Marine science, Vo. 4, pp: 523-542. Mueller, K., 2013, E. coli knows how to win, Sci. Signal, Vol. 6, no. 262, pp: ec40. Paraje, M., 2011, antimicrobial resistance in biofilms, Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances, Formatex. Relman, D., 2012, Microbiology: learning about who we are, Nature, Vol. 486, pp: 194-195. Schofield, C., 2006, Preventing errors in the microbiology lab, Cover story. Tortura, P, Funke, B and Case, C, 2013, Microbiology: An introduction, Pearson.

Zappos Case Analysis free essay sample

USA Today has been an innovative way for customers to receive news on a daily basis since 1982. Their innovation lies within the format of their bright, colorful and eye-catching paper, as well as in their shorter pieces that help to enlighten consumers without over powering them. Owned by Gannett Co. Inc. , a diversified international news, information and communications company, USA Today has every possibility of furthering their success in the news industry. Executive Summary: In reading Case 1, USA Today: Innovation in an Evolving Industry*, it became apparent that USA Today is fighting to stay relevant in today’s news distribution culture. Currently USA Today is still operating with increasing profit margins, however they are losing touch with their intended cliental of Middle Americans. From 1982 until today, USA Today has been able to create a product which is able to adapt to the needs of it’s cliental, but their recent plateau and minor decrease in circulation, could send them into a spiral. We will write a custom essay sample on Zappos Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An increase in technologically savvy consumers, and the fight to produce the most up to date app to appease them places USA Today in a rat race against other leading market competitors. USA Today must push to the next level the fight to remain innovative, as they have for the last thirty years, in meeting their customer’s needs in new and unexpected ways. Their chances to stay on top of their game and innovation will significantly increase f they continue to adapt their marketing strategies, as well as continue their use of value-added strategy to further enhance distribution of its proprietary content and ensure continued product differentiation. Situation Analysis: Internal: Since the first issue of USA Today launched on September 15, 1982, it has been an uphill battle for the company to fight to sustain their relevance and importance in the news world. The newspaper created a mission statement that explained their goal to make the newspaper enlightening, and Enjoyable to the public, informative to national leaders, and attractive to advertisers. More or less, USA Today wanted to create an all-encompassing newspaper for the country to enjoy. From an internal standpoint, the employees of USA Today worked hard to give their readers what they wanted. With an all American staff and little coverage of the outside world, USA Today continued to meet the demands of their customers and fill the gap in the newspaper market. USA Today’s loyal employee base allows them to be quick, innovative and typically the first to make a splash in the news industry. Their late hours for submission allows the company to send out the most current and up to date news, while still providing an outstanding standard of service that helps to achieve reoccurring customers. With employees that listen and take time to understand what the reader wants, USA Today has been able to flourish economically. Customer Environment: The overwhelming majority of USA Today’s circulation is within the United states. Most of the readers work in middle- to upper management positions and are often purchasing decision makers for their offices and households, as well as technology junkies and sports fans. Most of USA Today’s customers participated in a wide range o leisure activities such as attending movies and traveling. The print newspaper’s readers are 69% male and 31% female, with a median age of 50 and a median household income of $91,683. For USA today. com the audience is balanced between men and women, and the median age for readers is only 30 years old. Customers of USA Today are drawn in by the bright colors, short stories and ability to cover important news happening in their country. External Environment: The external environment is what really holds USA Today at a standstill. While, they are still producing print copies and having millions of daily readers- their competition is fierce. Fighting for number one positions against newspapers such a The Wall Street Journal, as well as The New York times leaves USA Today in a bind to find creative ways to stay in contact with their customers. The surge of use of technology, on top of instant access to news all across the world via the Internet for free, has potential to hurt not only USA Today’s print readership, but their online as well. Other external factors that have potential to deplete USA Today’s loyal customer base are things like: cable networks, nationally syndicated terrestrial and satellite radio providers such as Sirius/XM, and even blog sites. It’s going to be important for USA Today to find a niche within all of these potential threats, and once again make a name for itself as a product that can provide something different. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: †¢Loyal customer base of consumers who have consistently purchased USA Today over the last 30 years. †¢USA Today is distributed in all 50 states, Canada and the UK; reaching a wide fan base †¢Known for easy to read, easy to comprehend and up to date news †¢Ability to adapt with changes in technology, i. e putting their newspaper online Weakness †¢Decrease circulation; due to competitors †¢Decrease profits; due to decrease in circulation †¢High cost of printing; bright colors and pictures on every page cost money †¢Printing deadline is 4 hours before WSJ; WSJ will get more up-to-date news for their issues †¢Forced to downsize maintain profits- harmed image Opportunity †¢Generate more revenue by partnering with other websites, like Hampton †¢The creation of a top of the line mobile application †¢Customizable app for your phone/tablet Threats †¢NY Times Wall Street Journal †¢Network and Cable TV †¢TV news websites †¢AM/Satellite Radio †¢Negative online reviews †¢Declining AD revenue Goals, Objectives and Solution: After reading the case it’s apparent that our goal needs to push USA Today in the direction of reinventing themselves as not only a newspaper, but a multimedia application. In order to take USA Today to the next level of a multi-media application several things have to happen. The first thing that needs to happen in order for USA Today to be once again taken as a serious threat, is the need to up the anti by actually creating an app that is accessible to all smart phones, tablets and even the newest rage of â€Å"smart televisions. † The app that USA today needs to create should incorporate the other apps they have out now (games, gas prices, travel prices) and provide an easy to use way for their consumers to access the news, etc. While, the app should remain a â€Å"free app,† something should be put in place that requires the user to pay X amount of dollars either a month, or year, in order to obtain full access to the entire app. By doing this, not only are you bringing in past loyal customers, but creating a new consumer base by offering unique options. Our goal is to take USA Today’s bright and creative ways, and mold them into something that technology junkies can use on a daily basis and receive the same amount of information as if they were subscribed to actual print copies. The way we keep USA Today relevant is by keeping up with things that are actually relevant to their consumers, and technology is a consistent winner. An added bonus to creating a successful application, would be the stimulation of interest for advertising partnerships to be forms. With a formation of these partnerships, USA Today could begin to generate generous profits by selling advertisements to companies that would be accessible on their app. Thus the solution to the decline in readership for USA Today is to take it to the next level and provide outstanding DIGITAL service to their customers.